Different from the western psychosomatic idea of "personality" or "temperament", the temperament doctrine of Chinese medicine is unique in applying both theory and practice which aroused increasing local interest in the study of psychology. With the extraordinary background in medicine, philosophy, and traditional culture, this doctrine possesses both universal and particular qualities. The comparative study with scientific theory revealed advantages and setbacks of the doctrine, and expressed the necessity to deepen research of its rational connotation and application in order to develop individualized medicine and a local research in psychology.