To observe the clinical curative effect of modified Xiaojianzhong Decoction treating peptic ulcer of the spleen-stomach deficiency cold type. Methods: One hundred and thirty six patients who met the criteria of peptic ulcer of the spleen-stomach deficiency cold type were randomly divided into treatment group (n=68) and control group (n=68). Patients in the control group were given the conventional Western medicine treatment, and patients in the treatment group received modified Xiaojianzhong decoction. The courses of treatment were both 4 weeks. Results: The total effective rates in control group and treatment group were respectively 70.59% and 91.18%, which showed statistically significant difference (χ2= 5.1271, P=0.023); as for improvement of TCM syndrome score assessment, there was significant difference between the treatment group (91.18%) and control group(72.05%), (χ2=5.1434,P=0.023<0.05); the relapse rate of one year after treatment in the treatment group was 12.34%, which was significantly lower than the 42.31% of the control group. Conclusion: Modified Xiaojianzhong decoction could effectively cure peptic ulcer of the spleen-stomach deficiency cold type, improve TCM syndromes, and reduce the relapse rate.