To establish a HPLC method to determine the content of paeoniflorin as well as residual pesticide and heavy metal in Radix Paeoniae Rubra in different areas. Methods： Chromatographic column was Kromasil C18 column (5 μ m, 4.6 mm×250 mm); mobile phase was methanol -0.05mol/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate (30：70); wavelength was 230 nm; column temperature was 25 ℃; flow rate was 1 mL/min; sample size was 10 L. Analysis of heavy metal lead, arsenic, copper, cadmium, mercury in Paeonia lactiflora were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and gas chromatography was used for the determination of organochlorine pesticide residues. Results： The content of paeoniflorin was in the range of 0.1 to 1.0 mg/mL, and the linear relationship between concentration and peak area (R2=0.9996) were good. The average recovery was 98.8%, and RSD was 0.29%. The content of paeoniflorin in Radix Paeoniae Rubra from 17 different areas was 2.17~4.17%; residues of arsenic, lead, copper, cadmium, mercury in Radix Paeoniae Rubra were 0.19~0.39, 0.19~0.72, 0.87~8.17, 0.11~0.29 and 0.08~0.14mg/kg; part of Paeonia lactiflora found the detection of organochlorine residues, and DHC, DDT, PCNB were respectively 0.021~0.063, 0.039~0.121 and 0.024~0.050mg/kg. Conclusion： The contents of paeoniflorin in Paeonia lactiflora in 17 areas were all in accord with the Chinese pharmacopoeial requirements; there is a certain amount of metal materials and organic chlorine pesticide residues in medicinal materials, and except 1 copy of DDT content exceeding the standard, the quantity are in line with the “medicinal plants and preparations of the green trade standard” in the provisions on limits of heavy metal and pesticide residue in other medicinal herbs. The overall quality of Paeonia lactiflora is good.