To analyze and evaluate the differences of effects of traditional Chinese medicines (TCM), western medicines and TCM combining with western medicines in treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). Methods: We searched articles, which were related to MDS treating with TCM published from 1978 to 2015, and collected papers of randomized controlled trials comparing effects of TCM, western medicine and TCM combining with western medicine on treating MDS. The quality of the included articles were assessed under the standard for evaluation of Jadad and made statistical analysis through Review Manager 5.1 provided by the Cochrane Collaboration. Results: There was significant difference between the experimental group which was applied TCM only or a combination of western medicines and the control group, applied western medicines only ［OR=3.39，95%CI（2.52,4.54），P<0.000 01］. Conclusion: Compared with western medicines, TCM is obviously effective in treatment of MDS. While the articles included in this study are relatively low quality, more high-quality researches are required to verify this conclusion.