To investigate the effects of ecological factors on the chemical constituents in the rhizome of Gentiana macrophylla Pall and provide the basis for nurture and cultivation of G.macrophylla Pall.Methods:A rapid ultra-high performance liquid chromatography(UPLC)method was developed for determination of four bioactive compounds including gentiopicrin，loganic acid，swertiamarin and sweroside in 20 batches of G.macrophylla Pall from Shaanxi，Gansu，Ningxia provinces.Parallel to this，climatic factors were collected，and the SPSS software was applied to analyze the effective components by the one-way analysis of variance，and the correlation analysis between the content and climatic factors was also conducted by principal component analysis(PCA).Finally，Pearson correlation analysis was performed to analyze effects of climatic factors on the chemical compositions.Results:The result showed the total content of gentiopicroside and loganic acid in 20 batches could reach or even higher than pharmacopoeia standard higher，and the content of samples from Feng county，Shaanxi was higher than other samples; Significant positive correlation exist between gentiopicroside and temperature，pressure，and significant negative correlation exist between gentiopicroside and wind speed; The content of loganic acid was positively related to precipitation，and negatively related to wind speed; The content of swertiamarin was positively related to wind speed，and negatively related to precipitation and temperature; There are not significant correlation exist between sweroside and climatic factors.Conclusion:The quality of G.macrophylla Pall from Shaanxi is better compared to Gansu and Ningxia，especially Feng county，Shaanxi.Climatic factors，such as temperature，pressure and precipitation have close relationship with the content of effective components.The content of effective components was positively related to temperature，pressure and precipitation.The results have critical meaning for the quality improvement，appropriate ecological division，and industrialized development promotion of G.macrophylla Pall.