To investigate the effects of Zuogui Busui Shengxue Decoction in the treatment of leukopenia in children with acute leukemia and effects on serum soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1). Methods:A total of 120 children with acute leukemia who had received chemotherapy in Ruikang Hospital Affiliated to Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine from January 2015 to January 2017 were selected and diagnosed leukopenia after chemotherapy. They were randomly divided into the control group and the experiment group, 60 cases in each group. Children of the 2 groups were given Batilol Tablets 50 mg, bid, and vitamin B4 tablets 20 mg, bid. In addition, the experiment group was given Zuogui Busui Shengxue Decoction, and 2 groups of patients were given continuous treatment for 14 days. The levels of all the patients' white blood cells and neutrophils were tested and recorded before treatment and in the 3rd day, the 7th day, the 14th day and the 21st day after treatment, the clinical efficacy of the 2 groups and the infection of the children during the treatment were counted. The changes of levels of serum sICAM-1 and TGF-β1 were detected before and after treatment. Results: The clinical total effective rate of the experiment group was 83.33%, which was significantly higher than 53.33% of the control group (P<0.05). During the treatment, the experiment group had 13 cases of infection, and the time of antibiotic use was (7.01±2.34) days; the control group had 28 cases of infection, and the time of antibiotic use was (13.42±4.67) days; the incidence of infection and antibiotic use time had significant difference between the 2 groups (P<0.05). Compared with the situation before treatment, 3rd~21st days after treatment the white blood cell and neutrophil counts of the 2 groups increased gradually (P<0.05), and the experiment group was higher than those of the control group (P<0.05 or P<0.05). Compared with the situation before treatment, sICAM-1 in serum of the 2 groups significantly decreased, and the experimental group was lower than that of the control group (P<0.05); the level of TGF-β1 significantly increased higher in the experiment group than in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Zuogui Busui Shengxue Decoction combined with conventional method has remarkable effects, which can significantly increase the white blood cell and neutrophil count in peripheral blood leukemia after chemotherapy. It may be related to its ability to regulate serum levels of sICAM-1 and TGF-β1.