To explore the differences of cognitive processing between viscera sentences of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and corresponding organ sentences of western medicine(WM) in the brain from the perspective of cognitive neuroscience.Methods:Event related potential technique was used，and the suffix paradigm and the sentence correctness judgment task were adopted to record and analyze the behavioral and EEG data in processing TCM viscera sentences and corresponding WM organ sentences.Results:There was no significant difference in the behavioral results between TCM viscera sentences and corresponding WM organ sentences.However，the event related potential research revealed that the amplitude of N400 and P600 caused by TCM viscera sentences were smaller than that by corresponding WM organ sentences at relevant electrode points(P<0.05).The amplitude difference of N400 mainly lay in the right frontal lobe and the right temporal lobe，while the amplitude difference of P600 was mainly observed in the left central region and the left parietal region.Conclusion:TCM sentences consume less cognitive resources than WM sentences and have more processing advantages.The right hemisphere of the brain is closely related to the anticipation and extraction in the early processing of TCM viscera sentences，while the left hemisphere is related to the integration and reflection in the later processing of the sentences.