The brain-gut axis is a bidirectional communication pathway between the gut and the central nervous system that has been discovered in recent years.It is mediated by various pathways，including neural，endocrine，and immune pathways.Through these pathways，the gut microbiota can directly or indirectly influence brain function，and the central nervous system can also regulate the function of the gastrointestinal tract and gut microbiota.From the perspective of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) theory，the brain-gut axis is a visceral connection based on the theory of visceral manifestation.The corresponding visceral connections are broad and abstract，including the brain with the stomach，liver-spleen，and kidneys.Therefore，TCM treatment principles such as tonifying the spleen，nourishing the kidneys，regulating the liver，strengthening the spleen，and regulating the intestines to treat the mind can be applied to related brain diseases.Encephalopathy is an important branch of internal medicine in TCM，and it covers common diseases such as stroke，epilepsy，depression，Parkinson's disease，and Alzheimer's disease.This article discussed the “brain-gut axis” mechanisms corresponding to these common brain diseases from the perspectives of TCM and western medicine，aiming to provide references for the integration of new technologies and methods in the treatment of brain diseases and improve clinical efficacy.