Vascular cognitive impairment caused by cerebral small vessel disease(CSVD-VCI) is a clinical syndrome of cognitive impairment on the basis of cerebral small vessel disease.As population aging is accelerating in recent years，the incidence of CSVD-VCI is increasing year by year.Early diagnosis and treatment are of great significance to the prevention and treatment of CSVD-VCI.According to the TCM theory，CSVD-VCI is a disease of amnesia and dementia caused by multiple factors including deficiency，phlegm，stasis，and toxin.The patients mainly present the syndromes of deficiency in zang-fu organs，phlegm-stasis obstructing collaterals，or toxin damaging brain collateral.TCM plays an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of CSVD-VCI based on syndrome differentiation.Therefore，this paper reviews the research progress in the etiology，pathogenesis，syndrome differentiation of CSVD-VCI as well as the animal experiments and clinical trials about the treatment of this disease with single Chinese medicines and TCM compound prescriptions，aiming to provide a reference for the TCM treatment of CSVD-VCI.