Vascular dementia(VD) is a severe cognitive impairment syndrome caused by vascular factors，which is characterized by impairments in memory，language，reasoning，and executive functions，in addition to motor and autonomic nervous functions.Currently，VD is the second largest type of dementia in China and abroad，and the number of people with the disease is increasing year by year，which increases the burden on patients and their families.The pathological mechanism of VD is complex.Therefore，this paper listed and analyzed the research progress on the targets and molecular mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)(single TCM，TCM compound，Chinese patent medicine，acupuncture，and moxibustion) in the prevention and treatment of VD in the past five years from the aspects of the mechanisms of inhibition of apoptosis of neuron cells，resistance to oxidative stress，enhancement of synaptic plasticity，and attenuation of myelin sheath damage，so as to provide ideas for future clinical research and experimental progress of the mechanism of TCM treatment of VD.