Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) is a holistic medical system centered around essence-qi theory，visceral manifestation theory，and meridian and collateral theory.The holistic perspective and treatment based on syndrome differentiation are fundamental to TCM theoretical framework.This holistic view originates from ancient philosophical thought，emphasizing a comprehensive understanding of the body's physiological functions and pathological changes through macroscopic dialectical thought.Stem cells are primitive cells with proliferation and multi-differentiation potential existing from the embryonic stage to adulthood.The attribution of stem cell theory within TCM is primarily centered on kidney essence，forming a multifaceted and multi-level system that also involves various organs，meridians，and collaterals.Exploring the implications and essence of stem cell theory within the foundational theories of TCM is a crucial pathway for the modernization and internationalization of TCM.This exploration is significant for understanding and innovating TCM theory and provides a reference point for integrative research combining TCM and Western medicine.