To evaluate the long-term and short-term efficacy and safety of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) and integrative TCM and Western medicine in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer(NSCLC).Methods:A total of 201 patients with advanced NSCLC admitted to the Oncology Department of Longhua Hospital affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between 2012 and 2020 were enrolled.According to different treatment measures，they were divided into the TCM group(n=94) and the integrative TCM and Western medicine group(n=107).Survival analysis of medical data was conducted to assess long-term efficacy.The short-term efficacy was evaluated by analyzing solid tumor response，immune function，and serum tumor markers before and after treatment.Liver and kidney functions were also monitored to assess safety.Results:The median survival time for the TCM group and the integrative medicine group was 53 months and 33 months，respectively，and the progression-free survival(PFS) was 17 months and 12 months，respectively.The disease control rate(DCR) in the TCM group was higher than that in the integrative medicine group，while the objective response rate(ORR) in the integrative medicine group was higher than that in the TCM group(P<0.05).In both groups，the effective and stable rates of CD3+T lymphocytes and CD4+T lymphocytes were significantly higher than the ineffective rates(P<0.05).After treatment，squamous cell carcinoma antigen(SCC)，neuron-specific enolase(NSE)，and carbohydrate antigen 125(CA125) showed a downward trend in both groups(P<0.05).The incidence of liver and kidney function abnormalities was lower in the TCM group than in the integrative medicine group.No grade 3 to 4 liver dysfunction or grade 2 or higher kidney dysfunction was observed in either group.Conclusion:TCM，whether used alone for maintenance or in combination with Western medicine，can extend the survival time of patients with advanced NSCLC，improve long-term efficacy，control local lesions，stabilize immune function，reduce serum tumor markers，and enhance short-term efficacy，all while demonstrating good safety.