Chronic fatigue syndrome(CFS) falls under the category of “consumptive disease” in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).The spleen is regarded as the “source of qi and blood production” and the “acquired foundation”，making spleen deficiency a key pathogenesis of CFS in TCM theory.In modern medicine，mitochondrial dysfunction is considered a critical factor in the development of CFS，involving impaired oxidative phosphorylation，activated oxidative stress，and abnormal immune-inflammatory responses.As early as the 1980s，scholars proposed the “spleen-mitochondria” correlation theory，suggesting a close relationship between the two energy centers of the human body in the pathogenesis of CFS.This relationship involves damage mechanisms such as skeletal muscle metabolism disorders and immune-inflammatory responses.Spleen-strengthening TCM therapies can alleviate symptoms in CFS patients and improve their quality of life.Based on the “spleen-mitochondria” correlation theory，this study systematically elucidates the theoretical basis of treating CFS from the spleen in TCM and Western medicine，and reveals the scientific connotation of the “spleen deficiency” mechanism in CFS，providing objective theoretical support for TCM treatment of CFS