Thalassemia is a common and hazard monogenic inherited hematologic disease with high morbidity in the world，which is caused by gene mutation or defect in the synthesis of one or more of the hemoglobin chains. So far，there has been found no special effective measures for the treatment of thalassemia. According to the traditional Chinese medicine theory “kidney generates marrow，and marrow generates blood”，Prof. Wu treated 600 thalassemia patients in Guangxi where the disease frequently occurs with the method of tonifying kidney and benefiting marrow and gained positive effects. The paper summarized the clinical practices of last 30 years，discussed the regular pattern about the treatment by traditional Chinese medicine on thalassemia，and thus put forward the hypothesis of TCM core pathogenesis of thalassemia as well as the possibility of treatment according to the core pathogenesis based on the basic theory and therapeutic principles of thalassemia. The clinical practice and intensive mechanism study on the effects further proved the effectiveness of the TCM theory “kidney produces marrow，and marrow produces blood” in curing thalassemia. Depending on many national funds，we have studied the molecular mechanism of treating thalassemia by traditional Chinese medicine，including the overall effects，the relationship between clinical effect and gene mutation，bone marrow hematopoiesis，the structure and function of red blood cells as well as RNA expression of related globins and thus achieved a new level for curing thalassemia by Chinese traditional medicine .The clinical and basic research works revealed from another aspect the internal relationship between the theory” kidney produces marrow” and diseases related to kidney，and thus provided powerful proof to clarify the scientific essence for the theory “kidney produces marrow”.