Through a retrospective cohort study，the effects of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)treatment，postoperative adjuvant therapy or clinical follow-up on the cellular and humoral immunity of patients after non-small-cell lung cancer(NSCLC)radical surgery were compared.Methods:A total of 190 patients who underwent radical surgery for NSCLC from January 2016 to December 2019 in the inpatient department or outpatient department of Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital affiliated to Tongji University were selected as the research objects.The observation group included 96 patients who underwent TCM treatment after NSCLC radical resection and had been taking TCM treatment continuously for 6 months or more.The control group included 94 patients who received postoperative adjuvant therapy or clinical observation follow-up.The levels of T lymphocyte subsets，NK cells，immunoglobulin and complement in peripheral blood were compared between the 2 groups before treatment and after treatment.Results:The comparison between groups showed that the NK and CD3+ levels in the observation group were significantly up-regulated compared with the control group(P<0.05)，and the IgM content was significantly increased compared with the control group(P<0.01).After comparison within groups，it was found that the NK，CD3+ and IgM levels were significantly up-regulated in the observation group(P<0.01)，and the levels of C3 and C4 were up-regulated(P<0.05).Conclusion:TCM can improve the cellular and humoral immunity of patients，which may be the mechanism to prolong the overall postoperative survival of NSCLC after radical surgery and reduce the recurrence and metastasis.