Insulin resistance is a pathological state in which insulin promotes glucose uptake and utilization and decreases due to genetic and environmental factors,and the body's responsiveness and sensitivity to the physiological effects of insulin are reduced.It mainly acts on the liver,fat,and muscle tissues.The resulting disorder of glucose and lipid metabolism can lead to a variety of metabolic disorders such as diabetes,coronary heart disease,obesity,and metabolic syndrome.In recent years,related studies have shown that adipocytokines,inflammatory response,NF-κB-independent mechanism,mitochondrial dysfunction,endoplasmic reticulum stress,etc.are closely related to insulin resistance,which are summarized as follows.