Based on the theory of atherosclerotic endothelial injury，this paper discusses the relationship and difference between vascular endothelial dysfunction and vascular endothelial injury in the course of occurrence and development of atherosclerotic diseases.This paper firstly describes the concepts of vascular endothelial dysfunction and vascular endothelial injury，and explores the relationship and difference between the two in the process of atherosclerotic disease from the point of view of NO/ET homeostasis secreted by vascular endothelial cells，inflammatory response and oxidative stress induced by vascular endothelial cells and activated VECF，MAKP，JAK/STAT，PI3K-AKT signaling pathway.Then the Genecards database were searched to screen the related targets of vascular endothelial dysfunction，vascular endothelial injury and AS，which were further demonstrated from the molecular point of view.Finally，the protective and repair effects of traditional Chinese medicine on vascular endothelial dysfunction and vascular endothelial injury were described.