Vascular dementia belongs to the category of “dementia(Dai-bing)” or “amnesia(Shan-wang)” in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) theory.In contemporary，vascular dementia is defined as “dementia of stroke”，which could be separated from other types of dementia.The TCM clinicians have the consensus that the location of the disease is brain and it could be caused by the deficiency of kidney，spleen and stomach，liver，heart and/or lung.The root pathogenesis of the disease is deficiency of five viscera，qi or blood，while the branch cause is mainly related to the excess of phlegm or static blood.On the basis of this，modern TCM clinicians put forward new pathogenesis theories，namely “Xuan-fu obstruction”，“impairment or deficiency of collaterals”，and “dysfunction of qi transformation in Sanjiao”，supplementing the pathogenesis theory of vascular dementia，which is of clinical guiding significance in its treatment.Vascular dementia has the characteristics of complicated pathogenesis and the variety of clinical syndromes，while TCM could treat different viscera at the same time with personalized syndrome differentiation; therefore TCM has advantages in the prevention and treatment of vascular dementia.Interpretation of TCM pathogenesis theory at the molecular level，which could guide clinical treatment，should be the focus of the research on prevention and treatment of vascular dementia with TCM in the future.